Methods of treating cancer using compounds containing a vascular disrupting agent

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to prodrugs of vascular disrupting agents comprising a vascular disrupting agent (VDA) associated with a MMP proteolytic cleavage site and to the use of such prodrugs in the targeted treatment of cancer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Serial No. 15/909,475, filed March 1, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 15/297,649 filed on Oct. 19, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,937,267, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 14/553,803 filed on Nov. 25, 2014, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 13/125,732 filed on Jul. 12, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,927,486, which is a U.S. National Phase Application of PCT International Application No. PCT/GB2009/002484, filed Oct. 20, 2009, which claims priority to GB Patent Application No. 0819287.4, filed Oct. 22, 2008, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to prodrugs of vascular disrupting agents and to the use of such compounds in the targeted treatment of cancer.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING

The content of the computer readable form (“CRF”) of the Sequence Listing named 41303-502C03US_SEQ and 2.2 KB in size filed in the subject application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Targeting tumour vasculature as a molecular approach to cancer chemotherapies is becoming one of the highest scientific priorities. Two drug models are emerging, i.e. one that prevents the formation of new blood vessels in the tumour (antiangiogenesis) and one that targets vascular destruction.

Disruption of even a small proportion of the tumour vasculature has been demonstrated to induce wide ranging tumour death and retardation of metastasis, since a single blood vessel is responsible for supporting the survival of many tumour cells. Endothelial cells, which form the major component of the vasculature, are highly dependent upon the tubulin cytoskeleton for their motility, invasion, attachment, alignment and proliferation (Denekamp, J, Br J Cancer, 45, 136-139 (1982)). Agents which disrupt the endothelial microtubule network will therefore cause a rapid collapse in tumour blood flow and a prolonged period of vascular shutdown, culminating in extensive tumour-cell necrosis (Tozer et al., Nat Rev Cancer, 5, 423-435 (2005), Lippert J W, Bioorg Med Chem, 15, 605-615 (2007)).

One of the most potent classes of cancer therapeutic drugs are the vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) which characteristically have good in vitro cell cytotoxicities but often show poor specificity for killing tumour over normal tissues in vivo. Furthermore, many VDAs such as the tubulin binding agents are water insoluble and require formulation before evaluation in the clinic. The present invention aims to address the aforementioned problems.

Colchicine and its analogues are potent VDAs causing haemorrhage and subsequent extensive necrosis in tumours (Tozer et al., Nat Rev Cancer, 5, 423-435 (2005)), as a direct consequence of tubulin binding and induction of microtubule depolymerisation (Chaudri et al., J Mol Biol, 303, 679-692 (2000)). Colchicine has not, however, shown intrinsic value as a clinically applicable anticancer therapeutic due to a high level of toxicity and consequent very narrow therapeutic index (Tozer et al., Nat Rev Cancer, 5, 423-435 (2005); Quinn et al., J Med Chem, 24, 636-639 (1981)). It would be desirable, therefore, to be able to target a VDA such as colchicine selectively to a tumour.

The present inventors have developed a system for overcoming the toxic effect of systemic administration of potent anti-cancer agents in particular vascular disrupting agents.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to prodrugs of vascular disrupting agents comprising a vascular disrupting agent (VDA) associated with a MMP proteolytic cleavage site and to the use of such prodrugs in the targeted treatment of cancer

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the following Figures in which:

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the metabolism of prodrug-1 versus time in tumour and non-tumour tissues ex vivo;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing accumulation and levels of prodrug-1 in tumour-bearing mice following intraperitoneal administration;

FIG. 3 is a graph demonstrating levels of VDA accumulating following intraperitoneal administration of prodrug-1 to tumour bearing mice;

FIG. 4 is a graph showing differential metabolism of prodrug-2 in tumour homogenates expressing high MT1-MMP levels (HT1080) versus tumour homogenates expressing low MT1-MMP levels (MCF-7);

FIG. 5 is a graph showing accumulation and levels of prodrug-2 in HT1080 tumour bearing mice following intraperitoneal administration;

FIG. 6 is a graph demonstrating levels of VDA accumulating following intraperitoneal administration of prodrug-2 to HT1080 tumour bearing mice.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing relative mouse body weights during a dose escalation study.

FIG. 8 is a graph showing tumour growth during treatment with ICT-2522 (warhead).

FIG. 9 is a graph showing tumour growth during treatment with ICT-2588 (prodrug).

FIGS. 10A-D are graphs showing tumour growth curves for mice treated with pro-drug (ICT-2588) or warhead (ICT-2552) administered at molar equivalent doses: A: ICT-2588, 37.5 mg/kg, ICT-2552, 7.5 mg/kg; B: ICT-2588, 50.0 mg/kg, ICT-2552, 10.0 mg/kg; C: ICT-2588, 62.5 mg/kg, ICT-2552, 12.5 mg/kg; D: ICT-2588, 75.0 mg/kg, ICT-2552, 15.0 mg/kg.

FIG. 11 depicts the chemical structure of the pro-drug, ICT-2588, and modifications including phosphorylated amino acid residues, end-cap, warhead and P2′ alternatives.

FIG. 12 is a graph demonstrating the stability of ICT 3053 (P2′=Ala) in both tumour (HT1080) and liver (murine) homogenates. This is an example of the data obtained for this series of molecules and a summary of the data is given in table 1;

FIG. 13A-D are graphs showing stability data for prodrug ICT-2588 (A); and modified pro-drug having phosphate attached to serine, ICT-3047 (B); or tyrosine, ICT-3048 (D); or both serine and tyrosine, ICT-3028 (C). Data show percent of parent molecule remaining following incubations in tumour (HT1080, closed symbols) and murine liver (open symbols) homogenate for the indicated time. This is representative data from multiple experiments. Chromatographic separations were established to monitor the dephosphorylation of each molecule;

FIG. 14 is a schematic for the synthesis of endo-peptidase-activated prodrugs showing the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. Fluo-bala=fluorescent β-alanine; cit=citrulline; hof=homophenylalanine; colch=cholchicine.

FIG. 15 is a schematic of MMP-activated prodrug (pan MMP targeted) targeting all MMPs showing the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. Hof=homophenylalanine; Cit=citrulline; VDA-2=azademethylcolchicine.

FIG. 16 is a schematic of MMP-activated prodrug (ICT-2588) targeting only Membrane-Type MMPs (MT-MMPs) showing the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. Hof=homophenylalanine.

FIG. 17A-B are schematics of synthesised conjugates (based on MT-MMP prodrug) which have proved unsuccessful. Prodrugs of SEQ ID NO: 4 that included the endcaps (A) 3 x D-Serine and (B) Quinic acid+2 x D-Serine were insufficiently stable in plasma and/or liver.

FIG. 18 is a schematic of a dual-headed prodrug incorporating doxorubicin. One such example incorporates the VDA azademethylcholchicine warhead (ICT2552) and a doxorubicin warhead, which replaces the endcap.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based, at least in part, on the selection of a proteolytic cleavage site which allows for the selective release of a vascular disrupting agent, such as colchicine, at the tumour vasculature.

According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising a vascular disrupting agent (VDA) associated with a MMP proteolytic cleavage site. The term “associated with” in the context of the invention is intended to include all direct and indirect means of association, generally covalent, including, but not limited to, chemical cross-linking or peptide bond linkage.

Compounds of the invention may be in the form of salts. In particular, the salts may be pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present disclosure can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred, Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., US, 1985, p. 1418, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference; see also Stahl et al, Eds, “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts Properties Selection and Use”, Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta and Wiley-VCH, 2002.

The disclosure thus includes pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. For example the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts which are formed, e.g. from inorganic or organic acids or bases. Examples of such acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, tosylate, and undecanoate. Base salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth. Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl; and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others.

In a preferred aspect the invention provides a compound of formula (I)

X—Y   (I)

wherein

-   X is a vascular disrupting agent (VDA); -   Y is a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) proteolytic cleavage site.

Compounds according to the invention provide prodrugs which are converted to an, active and potent VDA within the tumour environment by overexpressed MMPs. Tumour selective activation of a prodrug of the invention increases tumour levels, and decreases systemic levels, of the VDA and optionally additional active ingredients thereby greatly increasing their therapeutic index and efficacy.

VDAs comprise a multi-ring system, for example a fused or unfused bicyclic or tricyclic ring system. Thus X includes any multi-ring system of a VDA that is capable of binding to and disrupting tumour blood vessels.

VDAs can be divided into three classes: 0

(i) those compounds that interact with tubulin at the colchicine binding site on tubulin;

-   (ii) those compounds that share a common binding site on tubulin     with the Catharanthus (Vinca) alkaloids; -   (iii) compounds that promote the formation of stable microtubules in     a manner similar to paclitaxel, a novel taxane diterpenoid isolated     from the bark of the Pacific yew.

In a preferred aspect of the invention the VDA is a tubulin binding agent. The tubulin binding agent may be selected from the group consisting of i) those which interact with tubulin at the colchicine binding site: including but not limited to colchicine (including colchicine analogues such as N-acetylcolchinol-O-phosphate (ZD6126) and ABT-751), colchicinoids, combretastatins phenstatin, podophyllotoxins, steganacins, amphethinile and stilbenes; and ii) those which interact with the Vinoa binding site of tubulin: including but not limited to vincristine, vinblastine, vinflunine, maytansinoids, phomopson A, rhizoxin, auristatin (including analogues thereof) and dolastatin

In a preferred aspect of the invention the VDA is a tubulin binding agent that interacts with the colchicine binding site within tubulin. In one embodiment of the invention the VDA is colchicine or an analogue/derivative thereof. Colchicine analogues or derivatives may include, but are not limited to, azademethylcolchicine, azacolchicine, N-methyl desacetylcolchicine, desacetylcolchicine.

In an embodiment of the invention the VDA is a non-peptide VDA. For example a VDA according to the invention may be a tubulin binding agent that is not auristatin or a derivative thereof.

Alternatively the VDA may be a tubulin binding agent selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, combretastatins (e.g. combretastatin A-4 3-O-phosphate), auristatin (including analogues thereof), dolastatin; and flavenoids (e.g. tumour necrosis factor a and 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), flavone acetic acid (FAA)). Thus in an alternative embodiment of the invention the VDA is a combretastatin.

The invention includes any member of the MMP family. Proteolytic cleavage at the MMP cleavage site by an MMP releases the VDA, and any other active agent associated with the MMP cleavage site, in active form.

The MMP family is divided into eight structural groups: five of which are secreted MMPs and three of which are membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs). MT-MMPs are localised on the cell surface. The invention includes secreted MMPs and membrane type MMPs.

In a preferred aspect of the invention the MMP is a membrane-type (MT-MMP). Thus the invention provides a compound of formula I wherein Y comprises a peptide sequence that is selectively cleaved by a MT-MMP. The MT-MMP may be selected from the group consisting of

-   (i) type I transmembrane type MT-MMPs for example MMP-14 (MT1-MMP),     MMP-15 (MT2-MMP), MMP-16 (MT3-MMP) and MMP-24 (MT5-MMP); -   (ii) glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored structural group     of MT-MMPs for example MMP-17 (MT4-MMP) and MMP-25 (MT6-MMP); -   (iii) type II transmembrane class for example MMP-23.

The MMP cleavage site may comprise any peptide sequence having an amide bond, typically a peptide bond, which is cleavable by a MMP. Preferably Y is a peptide sequence comprising between two and twenty amino acids, for example between six and ten amino acids (e.g. 6, 7 or 8 amino acids). The amino acids may be D-amino acids or L-amino acids.

The MMP proteolytic cleavage site may comprise the sequence:

P3′-P2′-P1′-P1-P2-P3   (i)

wherein P1′ to P3′ and P1 to P3, which may be the same or different, are amino acid residues and wherein proteolytic cleavage takes place across the bond between residues P1′ and P1. Preferably MMP proteolytic cleavage site is MT-MMP specific cleavage site such that cleavage between P1 and P1′ selectively takes place by a MT-MMP for example MT-MMP14.

The MMP proteolytic cleavage site may comprise the sequence:

P3′-P2′-P1′-P1-P2-P3-P4   (ii)

wherein P1′ to P3′ and P1 to P4, which may be the same or different, are amino acid residues and wherein proteolytic cleavage takes place between residues P1′ and P1.

The MMP proteolytic cleavage site may comprise the sequence:

P4′-P3′-P2′-P1′-P1-P2-P3-P4   (iii)

wherein P1′ to P4′ and P1 to P4, which may be the same or different, are amino acid residues and wherein proteolytic cleavage takes place between residues P1′ and P1.

In a preferred aspect of the invention P1 and P1′ are different.

Preferably the MMP cleavage site comprises a peptide sequence which is selectively cleaved by a MT-MMP. Thus, in a preferred aspect the invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises the sequence (i), (ii) or (iii) in which P1′ is a hydrophobic amino acid. As used herein, the terms “hydrophobic” may refer to amino acids having a hydrophobicity that is greater than or equal to −1.10 and/or a net charge that is greater than or equal to 0 as described in Fauchere and Pliska Eur. J. Med Chem. 10:39 (1983). A hydrophobic or non-polar amino acid may also refer to an amino acid having a side chain that is uncharged at physiological pH, is not polar and that is generally repelled by aqueous solution. A hydrophobic amino acid may be selected from the group consisting of leucine, phenylalanine, proline, alanine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, methionine, tyrosine and threonine. P1′ may be an amin acid with an aliphatic side chain. Alternatively P1′ may be an amino acid with an aromatic side chain. P1′ may also include non-natural hydrophobic amino acids for example homophenylalanine (Hof).

A preferred aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises the sequence (i), (ii) or (iii) in which P1 is a polar amino acid for example an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Asparagine (N), Serine (S) or Glycine (G). To improve selectivity for a MT-MMP at the cleavage site, it is preferred that P1 is not proline. Thus in an embodiment of the invention P1 is an amino acid excluding proline. In a further embodiment of the invention, P1 is glycine.

A preferred aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises the sequence (i), (ii) or (iii) in which P2′ is selected from the group consisting of polar, uncharged amino acids and/or basic amino acids including for example Arginine (R), Alanine (A), Leucine (L), Aspartic Acid (D), Tyrosine (Y), Threonine (T), Serine (S) and Proline (P). To improve selectivity for a MT-MMP at the cleavage site, P2′ may be a methylated amino acid for example N-methyl tyrosine. The present inventors have found that cleavage by non MT-MMPs, for example MMP2, takes place at both the P1′-P2′ and P2′-P3′ sites when P2′ is tyrosine. Thus in an embodiment of the invention P2′ is not tyrosine.

As used herein, the P3′ residue may comprise any amino acid. In one embodiment of the invention P3′ is Leucine (L). Where present, the P4′ residue may comprise an amino acid with a nucleophilic side chain for example Lysine (L), Cysteine (C), Serine (S), Tyrosine (Y), Threonine (T), Glutamic acid (E), or Aspartic acid (D).

A preferred aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises the sequence (i), (ii) or (iii) in which P2 is selected from the group consisting of acidic (for example glutamic acid), basic, hydrophobic or polar amino acids. P2 may also include non-natural hydrophobic amino acids for example citrulline (Cit). To improve selectivity for a MT-MMP at the cleavage site, it is preferred that P2 is not proline. Thus in an embodiment of the invention P2 is an amino acid excluding proline.

A preferred aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises the sequence (i), (ii) or (iii) in which P3 is a polar amino acid for example selected from the group consisting of Glycine (G), Alanine (A), Serine (S), Leucine (L), Isoleucine (I) and Threonine (T). It is preferred that P3 is not proline. Thus in an embodiment of the invention P3 is not proline. In a further embodiment of the invention P3 is serine.

A preferred aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises the sequence (ii) or (iii) in which P4 is an amino acid containing a substantial side chain, for example an amino acid having a basic group in its side chain, including amino acids selected from the group consisting of Arginine (R) and Lysine (K). To improve selectivity for a MT-MMP at the cleavage site, it is preferred that P4 is arginine. Thus in an embodiment of the invention P4 is arginine.

A preferred aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises the sequence (i), (ii) or (iii) wherein none of the residues are proline and wherein P4 is arginine.

Each of residues P1 to P3 or P4 may be different. Alternatively or additionally each of residues P1′ to P3′ or P4′ is different.

One embodiment of the invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises the sequence (i), (ii) or (iii) in which P1 and/or P2 and/or P3 are an amino acid reside other than proline. Furthermore, in this embodiment P4 is arginine.

In a further embodiment of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises the sequence (i), (ii) or (iii) in which P1′ is a hydrophobic amino acid and in which P1 and/or P2 and/or P3 are an amino acid reside other than proline.

In a yet further embodiment of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises the sequence (ii) or (iii) in which P1′ is a hydrophobic amino acid and P4 is arginine. Furthermore, in this embodiment P1 and/or P2 and/or P3 are an amino acid reside other than proline.

In another embodiment P1′ is homophenylalanine. In a yet further, or preferred, embodiment, P1 is Gly.

The MMP proteolytic cleavage site, Y, may comprise the amino acid sequence (iv)

-Hof-Gly-   (iv)

The MMP proteolytic cleavage site, Y, may comprise the amino acid sequence (v)

-P2′-Hof-Gly-P2-   (v)

wherein P2 and P2′ are as defined herein.

The MMP proteolytic cleavage site, Y, may comprise the amino acid sequence (vi)

-P2′ -Hof-Gly-P2-P3 -P4-   (vi)

wherein P2′ to P4′ and P2 are as defined herein. Preferably P4 is arginine.

Preferably P3 is not proline.

In an embodiment the invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises the sequence -Leu-Tyr-Hof-Gly-Cit-Ser-Arg-. (SEQ ID NO: 1)

In a further embodiment the invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein Y does not include the sequence -Leu-Gly-Leu-Pro- wherein cleavage takes place between Leu-Gly residues.

The invention may provide a compound of formula (I) wherein the cleavage site, Y, comprises a sequence of amino acids in which one or more amino acids in the sequence are glycosylated to enhance hydrophilicity and as such solubility. Glycosylation of residues may be as follows:

-   O-glycosylation of amino acids in the sequence through the     side-chains of serine, threonine, tyrosine; -   N-glycosylation of amino acids in the sequence through the     side-chains of aspartic acid, glutamic acid; and/or -   S-glycosylation of amino acids in the sequence through cysteine.

The invention may provide a compound of formula (I) wherein the cleavage site, Y, comprises a sequence of amino acids in which one or more amino acids in the sequence are phosphorylated to enhance hydrophilicity and as such solubility. Suitable amino acids include Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine. In an embodiment of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises the sequence (i) (ii) or (iii) in which P2′, for example tyrosine, is phosphorylated.

In a further embodiment of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises the sequence (i) (ii) or (iii) in which P3, and optionally P2′, is/are phosphorylated amino acids.

The invention also provides a compound of formula (I) wherein the cleavage site, Y, includes a peptide analogue, for example a peptide mimic, in which, by way of example an amide bond is replaced with olefinic bonds, Na- and/or Ca-methylated amino acids, unnatural amino acids and other approaches known in the art. Such peptidomimetic approaches are used in the art to enhance the specificity of cleavage thereby serving to diminish undesired enzymatic hydrolysis. In an embodiment of the invention Y includes an analogue wherein one or more amide bonds within the amino acid sequence are replaced with Na- and/or Ca-methylated amino acids.

An embodiment the invention comprises a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises a C-terminal site and an N-terminal site and wherein said C-terminal site is directly or indirectly linked to X and said N-terminal site is directly or indirectly linked to a further moiety for example c or Z as described hereinbelow.

An alternative embodiment of the invention comprises a compound of formula (I) wherein Y comprises a C-terminal site and an N-terminal site and wherein said N-terminal site is directly or indirectly linked to X and said C-terminal site is directly or indirectly linked to a further moiety for example c or Z as described hereinbelow.

In one preferred embodiment the invention there is provided a compound of formula (I) wherein X is colchicine or an analogue thereof and Y is a peptide comprising the amino acid sequence (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) or (vi) as defined herein.

In a preferred aspect the invention provides a compound of formula (II)

X—Y-c   (II)

wherein X and Y are as defined herein;

-   c is an end group or “capping group”. Capping groups may be used to     cap a peptide chain in pharmaceutical use in order to prevent     non-specific degradation of the peptide for example by enzymes other     than MMPs. c may include any appropriate moiety on the N- or     C-terminus acting as a blocking group selected from the group     including, but not limited to, aliphatics, aromatics, polycyclics,     carbohydrates (e.g. simple sugars), amino acids (including D-amino     acids). To improve solubility, c may be a hydrophilic group for     example any of the forementioned bearing additional polar functional     groups (e.g. acids, amines, alcohols, phenols). -   c may be represented by the formula (c)n wherein n is an integer     between 1 and 5. In an embodiment of the invention, c is represented     (c)n wherein c is an amino acid (e.g. a non-natural amino acid) and     n is 3 In an embodiment of the invention c is not serine where n     is 3. In a further embodiment c is not serine or quinic acid.

The present invention may further provide a “linker”. The linker may be provided at the C and/or N terminus of Y. Preferably the linker is provided at the C terminus of Y. Preferably the linker is continuous with the amino acid sequence of Y. The linker may include any moiety that is associated with Y and which may be removed chemically, enzymatically or decompose spontaneously. The linker may consist of a single amino acid (e.g. tyrosine) or may comprise an amino acid sequence. Where the linker comprises a sequence of amino acids, the sequence may provide a hydrophilic region that may facilitate cleavage by an MMP at Y. O-glycosylation of suitable amino acids in the sequence namely serine, threonine and tyrosine may enhance hydrophilicity and as such solubility.

Thus in a preferred aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (III)

X-a-Y   (III)

wherein X and Y are as defined herein; and

-   a is a linker wherein the linker is directly or indirectly     associated with X.

In an embodiment the invention provides a compound of formula (IV)

X-a-Y-c   (IV)

wherein X, a, Y and c are as defined herein.

In a yet further preferred aspect of the invention there is provided a “spacer” which may be the same as, or different to, the linker described herein. The spacer may be provided at the C and/or N terminal of Y. Preferably the spacer is provided at the N terminus of Y and serves to prevent unwanted removal of c during synthesis. The spacer may be directly or indirectly associated with Y. The spacer may include any single amino acid (e.g., β-alanine), amino acid sequence, a succinyl group. Thus the invention preferably provides a compound of formula (V)

X—Y-b-c   (V)

wherein X, Y, and c are as defined herein;

-   b is a spacer as defined herein.

In a further embodiment the invention provides a compound of formula (VI)

X-a-Y-b-c   (VI)

wherein X, Y, a, b and c are as defined herein.

In one embodiment of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (VI) wherein X is colchicine (or an analogue thereof), Y is a peptide comprising the amino acid sequence (i), (ii), (iii),(iv), (v) or (vi) as defined herein, a is tyrosine and b is alanine. In a second aspect of the invention there is provided a compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of formula (VII)

X—Y—Z   (VII)

wherein X and Y are as defined herein; Z is an anti-cancer agent.

Preferably Z is an anticancer agent selected from the group consisting of a vascular disrupting agent, which may the same as or different to X, an antimetabolite (e.g.5-fluorouracil), a cytotoxic or anti-proliferative agent (e.g. anthracycline (e.g doxorubicin), vinca alkaloid, taxane, cytotoxic nucleotide), a biotoxin, radiotherapeutic, hormonal agent or any natural products or agents known to induce a cytotoxic, cytostatic, anti-angiogenic or vascular disrupting effect.

In a preferred aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (VIII)

X-a-Y—Z   (VIII)

wherein X, a, Y and Z are as defined herein.

In a yet preferred aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (IX)

X-a-Y-b-Z   (IX)

wherein X, a, Y, b and Z are as defined herein. In this aspect of the invention, the purpose of the spacer b is to convert the N-terminal amine of Y into a carboxylic acid to allow attachment of a compound Z wherein Z bears a free amine (for example where Z is doxorubicin). Where Z bears a free carboxylic acid, b is not required.

In a preferred aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (VII) wherein X is colchicine or a derivative thereof for example azademethylcolchicine and Z is a cyctotoxic agent for example doxorubicin. Preferably still Y is a peptide comprising the amino acid sequence (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) or (vi) as defined herein.

In a further preferred aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (VII) wherein X and Z are selected from colchicine or an analogue or derivative thereof. Also provided is a compound of the invention wherein X and Z may both be colchicine. In this aspect, Y may be a peptide comprising the amino acid sequence (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) or (vi) as defined herein.

Compounds according to the invention may be prepared by solid-phase, for example attached to a polymeric support, or solution-phase synthesis for example in the presence of a coupling agent or using a convergent synthesis.

Thus a further aspect of the invention provides a process for preparing a compound according to the invention the process comprising the steps of

-   i) providing a solid support attached to X; -   ii) optionally attaching a linker a to the C or N terminal of X; -   iii) attaching amino acid residues step-wise to the C or N terminal     of X, or the linker attached to X in (ii), to provide the peptide     sequence Y containing the MMP proteolytic cleavage sequence; -   iii) optionally attaching a capping group c to the respective C or N     terminal of Y to provide a compound of formula (II) or (IV).

In a preferred process the solid support is any polymeric support such as any polystyrene based or PEG based resin for example trityl-based resins. The linker may be a succinate or malonate derivative for example succinic anhydride.

A yet further aspect of the invention provides a process for preparing a compound according to the invention the process comprising the steps of

-   i) preparing peptide sequence Y; -   ii) attaching a capping group c to the respective C or N terminal of     Y; -   iii) preparing a solution of X and the capped peptide prepared     in (ii) in the presence of a coupling agent and isolating the     desired compound.

In a preferred process Y is prepared by the step wise attachment of amino acids to a solid support to provide a peptide sequence. Alternatively, sequence Y may be synthesised in solution.

Any coupling agent known in the art may be used in a process of the invention for example EDAC, DCC, DiC, PyBOP, HCTU etc in a suitable solvent (e.g. DMF, THE etc. In an alternative solution phase synthesis, one or more amino acids of the C-terminus of sequence Y may be conjugated to X in solution, to allow the remainder of the peptide sequence (e.g. pre-synthesised on a solid support as described previously) to be conjugated in solution in a convergent synthesis.

A preferred process of the invention provides for the attachment of X to the C terminus of Y. Furthermore the process may include the attachment of Z to the N-terminus of Y. For example the process may comprise the steps of:

-   i) introduction of an amine group to X for attachment to the C     terminus of Y; and optionally -   ii) introduction of a carboxylic acid group (or isothiocyanate or     isocyanate group) to Z for attachment to the N terminus of Y.

A further preferred process provides for the attachment of X to the N-terminus of Y. Furthermore the process may include the attachment of Z to the C-terminus of Y. For example the process may comprise the steps:

-   i) introduction of a carboxylic acid group (or isothiocyanate or     isocyanate group) to X for attachment to the N terminus of Y; and     optionally -   ii) introduction of a amine group to Z for attachment to the C     terminus of Y.

In a preferred process of the invention, X is colchicine or an analogue or derivative thereof e.g. azademthylcolchicine and Z is a cytotoxic agent e.g. doxorubicin.

In a further aspect the invention provides the use of a MMP proteolytic cleavage site, in particular an MT-MMP specific cleavage site such as defined herein, in the site specific activation of a VDA. The term “site specific activation” as used herein means, in general terms and not limited to, the activation of a VDA by site specific cleavage at the MMP proteolytic cleavage site. Site specific cleavage at the proteolytic cleavage site is expected to take place concomitantly with the release and hence activation of the VDA.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Uses

other aspects the invention provides a compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as hereinbefore described for use in medicine. In further aspects, there is provided a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound as hereinbefore described. The formulation may contain at least one additional pharmaceutically acceptable component e.g. an excipient, diluent or carrier. Preferably the formulation is intended for parenteral administration.

The invention provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound according to the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the compound is of formula (VII).

In a preferred aspect of the invention said composition includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

The compositions of the invention are typically administered in effective amounts. An “effective amount” is that amount of a composition that alone, or together with further doses, produces the desired response. When administered, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are administered in pharmaceutically acceptable preparations. Such preparations may routinely contain pharmaceutically acceptable concentrations of salt, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers and optionally other therapeutic agents (for example, cisplatin; carboplatin; cyclosphosphamide; melphalan; carmusline; methotrexate; 5-fluorouracil; cytarabine; mercaptopurine; daunorubicin; doxorubicin; epirubicin; vinblastine; vincristine; dactinomycin; mitomycin C; taxol; L-asparaginase; G-CSF; etoposide; colchicine; derferoxamine mesylate; and camptothecin).

The compositions of the invention can be administered by any conventional route, including injection or by gradual infusion over time. The administration may, for example, be oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intracavity, subcutaneous, or transdermal. In the case of treating a particular disease, such as cancer, the desired response is inhibiting the progression of the disease. This may involve only slowing the progression of the disease temporarily, although more preferably, it involves halting the progression of the disease permanently. This can be monitored by routine methods known in the art.

Administration of the compositions to mammals other than humans, (e.g. for testing purposes or veterinary therapeutic purposes), is carried out under substantially the same conditions as described above. A subject, as used herein, is a mammal, preferably a human, and including a non-human primate, cow, horse, pig, sheep, goat, dog, cat or rodent.

When administered, the pharmaceutical preparations of the invention are applied in pharmaceutically-acceptable amounts and in pharmaceutically-acceptable compositions. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredients.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be combined, if desired, with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” as used herein means one or more compatible solid or liquid fillers, diluents or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration into a human. The term “carrier” denotes an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic, with which the active ingredient is combined to facilitate the application.

The pharmaceutical compositions may contain suitable buffering agents, including: acetic acid in a salt; citric acid in a salt; boric acid in a salt; and phosphoric acid in a salt.

The pharmaceutical compositions also may contain, optionally, suitable preservatives, such as: benzalkonium chloride; chlorobutanol; parabens and thimerosal. Compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, tablets, lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound. Other compositions include suspensions in aqueous liquids or non-aqueous liquids such as syrup, elixir or an emulsion.

Compositions suitable for parenteral administration conveniently comprise a sterile aqueous or non-aqueous preparation of compound, which is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient. This preparation may be formulated according to known methods using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation also may be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1, 3-butane diol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono-or di-glycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid may be used in the preparation of injectables. Carrier formulation suitable for oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. administrations can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.

The compounds according to the invention may be used to treat a disease or condition associated with tissue over-expressing an MMP, in particular a MT-MMP. Thus the invention provides a method to treat cancer in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of a compound according to the invention. In a preferred method of the invention said subject is human.

As used herein, the term ‘cancer’ refers to cells possessing the capacity for autonomous growth i.e., an abnormal state or condition characterised by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathological type or stage of invasiveness. The term ‘cancer’ includes malignancies of epithelial, endodermal and mesenchymal origin, particularly carcinomas and sarcomas, such as those affecting the respiratory system (mouth, nose, trachea, lung), gastrointestinal tract (tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, colon, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, rectum), endocrine system (thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands), genito-urinary tract (urinary bladder, kidney), reproductive system (breast, ovaries, uterus, cervix, prostate, penis, scrotum, testes), skin (melanocytes, epidermis, endodermis), nervous system (brain, spinal cord, glial cells, neurons) and lymphoid system.

The term ‘carcinoma’ is art recognised and refers to malignancies of epithelial origin including respiratory system carcinomas, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, endocrine system carcinomas, genito-urinary tract carcinomas, skin carcinomas, and carcinomas of the reproductive system. The term “carcinoma” also includes “adenocarcinomas” referring to carcinomas deriving from glandular tissue, “squamous carcinomas” referring to carcinomas of squamous origin, and “carcinosarcomas” referring to tumours composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissue. Exemplary carcinomas include those forming from the epithelia of the cervix, prostate, breast, nose, head and neck, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, colon, ovary, urinary bladder and lung, particularly non-small lung carcinoma.

The term ‘sarcoma’ is art recognised and refers to malignancies of soft tissues or connective or supportive tissue, including bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, nerve sheath, blood vessels, mesothelium, and gastrointestinal stroma. Further types of cancer include “leukaemias” which refer to tumours deriving from white blood cells, and “lymphomas” referring to tumours of the lymphoid system.

A pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound according to the invention may be administered in combination, either sequentially or at a substantially similar time, as an anti-cancer agent (chemotherapeutic agent) including, but not limited to, an antimetabolite (e.g.5-fluorouracil), a cytotoxic or anti-proliferative agent (e.g.anthracycline, vinca alkaloid, taxane, cytotoxic nucleotide), a biotoxin, radiotherapeutic, hormonal agent or any natural products or agents known to induce a cytotoxic, cytostatic, anti-angiogenic or vascular disrupting effect. As used herein, “treatment” refers to clinical intervention in an attempt to alter the natural course of the individual or cell being treated, and may be performed either for prophylaxis or during the course of clinical pathology.

In a further aspect the invention provides the use of a compound according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament to treat cancer.

In one aspect of the present invention the compounds or compositions of the invention may be used to treat an inflammatory disorder and/or an inflammatory response. Thus, according to a further of the invention there is provided a method to treat an inflammatory disorder in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of a compound according to the invention.

The inflammatory disorder may be selected from the group consisting of consisting of atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, Sjorgen's syndrome, poly- and dermatomyositis, vasculitis, tendonitis, synovitis, bacterial endocarditis, periodontitis, osteomyelitis, psoriasis, pneumonia, fibrosing alveolitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, silicosis, pneumoconiosis, tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multiple sclerosis, Guillan-Barre Syndrome and myasthemia gravis, mastitis, laminitis, laryngitis, chronic cholecystitis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and inflammatory breast disease. In one embodiment, the inflammatory disorder may be the result of tissue or organ rejection after transplantation. In particular embodiments the inflammatory disorder is selected from the group consisting of atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, sepsis and polyarthritis.

The compounds of the invention may be used to treat heart failure. Also provided is a use of a compound as described herein for the manufacture of a medicament to treat heart failure.

In one embodiment of the present invention the compounds of the invention may be useful in treating a wound (e.g. ulcers, lesions including cutaneuous cuts or burns). Thus the invention provides a method to treat a wound in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of a compound according to the invention. In a preferred method of the invention said subject is human.

The compounds of the invention may also be used to treat conditions and disorders associated with menstruation.

There is further provided a package or kit of parts comprising:

-   (1) a compound or composition described herein; together with -   (2) instructions to use the compound in a method or use described     herein.

The package defined herein may comprise more than one dosage unit in order to provide for repeat dosing. If more than one dosage unit is present, such units may be the same, or may be different in terms of the dose of the compound composition and/or physical form.

The extent of protection includes counterfeit or fraudulent products which contain or purport to contain a compound of the invention irrespective of whether they do in fact contain such a compound and irrespective of whether any such compound is contained in a therapeutically effective amount.

Included in the scope of protection are packages which include a description or instructions which indicate that the package contains a species or pharmaceutical formulation of the invention and a product which is or comprises, or purports to be or comprise, such a formulation or species. Such packages may be, but are not necessarily, counterfeit or fraudulent.

Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the words “comprise” and “contain” and variations of the words, for example “comprising” and “comprises”, means “including but not limited to”, and is not intended to (and does not) exclude other moieties, additives, components, integers or steps.

Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the singular encompasses the plural unless the context otherwise requires. In particular, where the indefinite article is used, the specification is to be understood as contemplating plurality as well as singularity, unless the context requires otherwise.

Features, integers, characteristics, compounds, chemical moieties or groups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment or example of the invention are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described herein unless incompatible therewith.

Materials and Methods EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis of Immobilised Colchicine Derivative, Azademethylcolchicine

Synthesis of 1:

Ammonia solution (35%, 15 mL) was added to colchicine (750 mg, 1.88 mmol, 1.00 eq) and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature overnight. The crude product was washed with KHSO₄ (1M, aq), dried with MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. It was subsequently purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (gradient elution: CH₂Cl₂/methanol 95:5 to 10:1) to give 1 as a yellow solid (427 mg, 1.11 mmol, 59%).

δ_(H) (600 MHz, CDCl₃), 7.99 (1H, broad s, NH), 7.56 (1H, d, J 2.1, C8-H), 7.32 (1H, d, J 10.7, C11-H), 6.88 (1H, d, J 11.0, C10-H), 6.52 (1H, s, C4-H), 6.03 (2H, broad s, NH₂), 4.68 (1H, ddd, J 12.6, 6.5 and 6.5, C7-H), 3.93 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.88 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.60 (3H, s, OCH₃), 2.47 (1H, dd, J 13.4 and 6.2, C5-CH₂), 2.35 (1H, ddd, J 13.4, 12.7 and 6.9, C5-CH₂), 2.29-2.23 (1H, m, C6-CH₂), 1.98 (3H, s, CH₃), 1.90-1.88 (1H, m, C6-CH₂); ES m/z (%) 385 [M⁺+H] (100).

Synthesis of 2:

HCTU (642 mg, 1.55 mmol, 1.50 eq) and diisopropylethylamine (DiPEA, 516 404 mg, 3.11 mmol, 3.00 eq) were added to a solution of Fmoc-tyr(tBu)-OH (714 mg, 1.55 mmol, 1.50 eq) in DMF (10 mL). After stirring at room temperature for 5 minutes, 1 (398 mg, 1.04 mmol, 1.00 eq) was added to the solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 22 h. DMF was removed in vacuo and the resultant oil was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL). The organic phase was washed with KHSO₄ (aq, 2×20 mL), dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (gradient elution: CH₂Cl₂/methanol 100:0 to 99:1 to 98:2) to give 2 as a yellow solid (530 mg, 642 μmol, 67%).

δ_(H) (600 MHz, CDCl₃), 10.42 (1H, broad s, NH), 9.02 (1H, d J 10.7, C11-H), 7.75 (2H, d, J 7.2, C23-H, C24-H), 7.54 (2H, d, J 7.2, C20-H, C27-H), 7.45 (1H, d, J 11.0, C10-H), 7.39 (2H, dd, J 7.2 and 7.2, C22-H, C25-H), 7.29 (2H, dd, J 6.6 and 6.6, C21-H, C26-H), 7.19 (1H, broad s, C8-H), 7.03 (2H, d, J 7.9, C14-H, C17-H), 6.81 (2H, d, J 7.9, C15-H, C16-H), 6.50 (1H, s, C4-H), 5.88 (1H, broad s, NH), 5.25 (1H, broad s, Cl₂-H), 4.73-4.67 (1H, m, C7-H), 4.43 (1H, dd, J 10.0 and 7.6, C18-CH₂), 4.28 (1H, dd, J 10.0 and 7.2, C18-CH₂), 4.16 (1H, dd, J 7.2 and 6.19, C19-H), 3.93 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.88 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.62 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.21 (1H, dd, J 13.1 and 4.8, C13-CH₂), 3.11 (1H, dd, J 13.1 and 5.5, C13-CH₂), 2.53 (1H, dd, J 13.4 and 6.2, C5-CH₂), 2.40 (1H, ddd, J 13.4, 12.7 and 6.9, C5-CH₂), 2.22-2.15 (1H, m, C6-CH₂), 1.88 (3H, s, CH₃), 1.80 (1H, ddd, J 11.5, 11.3 and 6.9, C6-CH₂), 1.22 (9 H, s, C(CH3)3); ES m/z (%) 826 [M⁺] (100).

Synthesis of 3:

TFA (2 mL) was added to a solution of 2 (486 mg, 589 μmol, 1.00 eq) and the reaction mixture stirred for 20 min. TLC indicated quantitative conversion to the product. The product was concentrated under reduced pressure, with toluene co-evaporation to give 3 in quantitative yield.

δ_(H) (600 MHz, CDCl₃), 10.08 (1H, broad s, NH), 8.99 (1H, d J 10.7, C11-H), 7.71 (2H, d, J 6.2, C23-H, C24-H), 7.55 (1H, s, C8-H), 7.49 (2H, dd, J 6.5 and 6.5, C20-H, C27-H), 7.41 (1H, d, J 10.2, C10-H), 7.33 (2H, dd, J 6.2 and 6.2, C22-H, C25-H), 7.26-7.21 (2H, m, C21-H, C26-H), 6.91 (2H, d, J 8.3, C14-H, C17-H), 6.56 (2H, d, J 7.2, C15-H, C16-H), 6.45 (1H, s, C4-H), 5.93 (1H, broad s, NH), 5.28 (1H, s, NH), 4.95-4.90 (1H, m, Cl₂-H), 4.60 (1H, ddd, J 11.7, 5.8 and 6.9, C7-H), 4.39 (1H, dd, J 8.9 and 8.6, C18-CH₂), 4.29-4.24 (1H, m, C18-CH₂), 4.12 (1H, dd, J 6.9 and 6.9, C19-H), 3.90 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.84 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.54 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.08 (2H, d, J 5.2, C13-CH₂), 2.44 (1H, dd, J 13.4 and 6.2, C5-CH₂), 2.33-2.26 (1H, m, C5-CH₂), 2.15-2.09 (1H, m, C6-CH₂), 1.82 (3H, s, CH₃), 1.75-1.69 (1H, m, C6-CH₂); ES m/z (%) 770 [M⁺] (100).

Preparation of 4:

2-Chlorotrityl chloride resin (Novabiochem, 100-200 mesh, substitution 1.4 mmolg⁻¹, 589 mg, 0.765 mmol, 1.00 eq) was suspended in a solution of 3 (589 mg, 0.765 mmol, 1.00 eq), dimethylaminopyridine (10 mg, 76.5 μmol, 0.01 eq), DiPEA (247 mg, 1.913 mmol, 333 μL, 2.50 eq) and pyridine (241 mg, 3.061 mmol, 248 μL, 4.00 eq) in THF (10 mL) and stirred for 6 hours at 50° C. The resin was subsequently filtered and washed thoroughly with THF. The resin was then capped by washing the resin carefully with methanol (CH₂Cl₂:MeOH:DiPEA 17:2:1, 100 mL). Resin 4 was dried overnight over P₂O₅. Dry resin weight: 593 mg (loading 56%).

General Procedure for Synthesis of Endopeptidase-Activated Pro-Drugs

As an example, peptide conjugate 5 was synthesised using conventional solid phase peptide synthesis, from immobilised colchicine derivative 4, using an Fmoc-based strategy.

Nα-Fmoc strategy synthesis was achieved manually using 2-hlorotritylderivatised resin. The resin was swelled thoroughly in DMF, followed by removal of the NFmoc protecting group by treatment with 20% v/v piperidine in DMF (3×3 min). All couplings were performed in DMF, employing 2.5-fold molar excesses of Nα-Fmoc protected amino acids (with appropriate side-chain protecting groups), and activated using HCTU/HOBt/DiPEA. Nα-Fmoc deprotections were performed using 20% piperidine in DMF (3 x 3 min). The success of couplings and de-protections was monitored using the ninhydrinbased Kaiser test. Unsuccessful couplings were repeated. After the final Nα-Fmoc deprotection, the peptide chain was endcapped with fluorescein isothiocyanate (2.50 eq, in the presence of DiPEA, 1.50 eq). The success of this reaction was also monitored by the Kaiser test.

An additional β-alanine residue was incorporated into the sequence to overcome incompatability of the thiourea linkage and the acidic conditions of cleavage (the thiourea can rearrange, and the carbonyl carbon of the preceding amide bond can undergo nucleophilic attack by the sulphydryl-like function so formed. This leads to cleavage of the amide bond, with concomitant formation of a cyclic thiazolinone. The thiazolinone can undergo rearrangement in the presence of aqueous acid to form a thiohydantoin).

On completion of the sequence, the resin was washed (DMF, CH2Cl2, CH2Cl2/MeOH) and dried in vacuo over KOH to constant weight. Peptides were cleaved from the resin by mild acidolysis using TFA-H2O-triisopropylsilane 95:2.5:2.5 for 2 h at RT, with simultaneous sidechain de-protection. Following cleavage, the TFA was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was extracted into 95% aqueous acetic acid and lyophilised. Crude peptide was subsequently analysed using reversed phase HPLC and purified using preparative HPLC (purity >97%). Pure fractions were combined and lyophilised. A C18 preparative column (Zorbax Eclipse, 21.2×150 mm XDB-C18, Agilent) was used for peptide conjugate purification. Mobile phases were as follows; Mobile Phase A: HPLC grade water and 0.045% TFA. Mobile Phase B consisted of 10% HPLC grade water, 90% acetonitrile and 0.045% TFA. Mobile phase was degassed by vacuum filtration through a 0.45μm pore cellulose nitrate filter (Sartolon, Sartorius, UK). Chromatography was performed at room temperature and the flow rate maintained at 21.2 ml/min. Mobile phase gradients were optimised and scaled up from a gradient previously designed in-house for structurally similar compounds. UV absorbance detection was optimal at 255 nm. ES m/z (%) 951.8 [M+H]2+ (100). RP-HPLC (Gradient: 0 min 30% B; 5 min 35% B; 25 min 80% B; 26 min 100% B; 27 min 100% B; 30 min 30% B) Rt=11.98 min.

Attachment of Colchicine to a Peptide Sequence through its B-Ring to the Peptide N-Terminus

To enable attachment of a colchicine moiety through the peptide N-terminus, the following strategy will be used. The B-ring amine can be de-masked using published methods. Acylation with aspartic acid will introduce a carboxylic acid to the molecule (from the amino acid side chain) thereby enabling conjugation to the free amine at the

peptide N-terminus (see below).

Acetylation of the amide bond will also be examined, to assess whether parent colchicine is released following MMP activation and subsequent exopeptidase degradation.

Attachment of Colchicine Analogue to a Peptide Sequence through its C-ring to the Peptide N-Terminus

To enable attachment of a colchicine analogue through its N-terminus, the following strategy will be used. Acylation of azademethylcolchicine can be effected as desribed previously. On de-masking of the Boc-protecting group, acylation with succinic anhydride (or a mono-protected succinate or malonate (or similar) derivative) follows. Deprotection will then afford a carboxylic acid functionality suitable for attachment to the peptide N-terminus.

Strategies for the Attachment of Doxorubicin to a Peptide Sequence: N-Terminal Doxorubicin Linkage

To enable attachment of doxorubicin through the peptide N-terminus (following peptide synthesis using the immobilised colchicine derivatised resin previously described) it must first be modified to introduce a carboxylic acid. Examples include reaction with succinic anhydride (strategy 1, below). However, by utilising the side chain of aspartic acid (both natural amino acids), as shown below (strategy 2) a natural amino acid (as opposed to a foreign chemical entity) is released on metabolism:

Strategy 1: (Succinyl Spacer)

Strategy 2: (Amino Acid Spacer)

Strategy 3

In a manner analogous to that described in Strategies 1 and 2 the doxorubicin sugar amine can be acylated by an amino acid, which on de-protection can be further derivatised by a succinate (or otherwise) spacer to yield a derivative which can be attached to the peptide N-terminus.

2) C-Terminal Doxorubicin Linkage

Protection of the amine group of doxorubicin with Dde (a commonly used protecting group in peptide chemistry and by our group) would allow immobilisation of the agent onto a trityl-based (or otherwise) resin. Subsequent removal of the Dde group would de-mask the amine, allowing a peptide sequence to be constructed from this point (i.e. through the C-terminus). Standard Fmoc-based solid phase synthesis would produce a peptide sequence. An appropriately derivatised VDA could then be conjugated through the N-terminus. Resin cleavage and purification would be as previously described.

Incorporation of Glycosylated Amino Acids

Amino acids with appropriate side chain functionality (e.g. serine, tyrosine, threonine) can be glycosylated (with mono-, di- or trisaccharides) to produce peptides with enhanced aqueous solubility. Such a carbohydrate-derivatised moiety could be used in place of serine, for example (see scheme below).

Results

-   1) MMP-activated prodrug     -   Pan MMP targeted -   Structure:

-   a) Prodrug-1 has been screened using normal mouse plasma, normal     mouse liver homogenate and experimental human tumour model     homogenate (HT1080 xenograft; known to express majority of MMPs) ex     vivo. Prodrug cleavage and metabolism were detected using LC/MS/MS.     -   a. Prodrug-1 was stable in plasma and liver, supporting systemic         stability of these therapeutics (FIG. 1).     -   b. Prodrug-1 was metabolised in tumour homogenate, supporting         activation of these therapeutics in tumours expressing MMPs         (FIG. 1). -   b) Prodrug-1 is cleaved rapidly at the Glycine-Homophenylalanine     (Gly-Hof) by recombinant MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-10 and MMP-14 at least.     Demonstrated by LC/MS/MS and mass spectrometry (data not shown) -   c) Prodrug-1 was administered in vivo via the intraperitoneal route     to mice bearing subcutaneous HT1080 tumour model (expression of     majority of MMPs). Plasma, tissues and tumours were collected at     regular intervals post-dosing. Levels of prodrug and VDA2 were     assessed by LC/MS/MS.     -   a. Prodrug-1 accumulated and was detected in all tissues         analysed (FIG. 2).     -   b. Highest prodrug-1 levels were observed in the tumour (FIG.         2).     -   c. Prodrug-1 not detectable after 24 hours post-dosing. (FIG. 2)     -   d. VDA2 was detectable at low levels in normal tissues following         prodrug-1 administration (FIG. 3)     -   e. VDA2 levels were detected at high levels in tumour tissue         following prodrug-1 administration (FIG. 3)     -   f. VDA2 was still detectable at high levels in tumour and was         undetectable in normal tissues after 24 hours post-dosing with         prodrug-1 (FIG. 3) -   2) MMP-activated prodrug (ICT-2588)     -   Targeted to Membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs) -   Structure:

-   d) Compound 1 was modified in order to change the MMP-targeting of     the compound from being pan-MMP to MT-MMP selective (Prodrug-2)     -   a. Arginine was incorporated in place of the Glutamic acid at         the P4 position     -   b. Proline was removed and replaced with Serine at the P3         position -   e) Prodrug-2 has been screened using normal mouse plasma, normal     mouse liver homogenate and experimental human tumour model     homogenates demonstrating high MT1-MMP (MMP-14) expression and     activity (HT1080) and low MT1-MMP expression and activity (MCF-7) ex     vivo. Prodrug-2 cleavage and metabolism were detected using     LC/MS/MS.     -   a. Prodrug-2 remained intact in plasma supporting systemic         stability of this therapeutic.     -   b. Prodrug-2 remained stable in murine liver homogenates     -   c. Prodrug-2 was metabolised rapidly in tumour homogenate         expressing high MT-MMP levels (HT1080) relative to tumour         homogenate expressing low MT-MMP levels (MCF7) (FIG. 4).     -   d. These data support the systemic stability of this prod rug         and the selectivity of activation by MT-MMPs. -   f) Prodrug-2 is cleaved differentially by MMPs as shown by LC/MS/MS     and mass spectrometry (data not shown):     -   a. Cleaved rapidly at the Glycine-Homophenylalanine (Gly-Hof) by         recombinant MMP-14.     -   b. Cleaved slowly at the Homophenylalanine-Tyrosine (Hof-Tyr) by         recombinant MMP-2. Demonstrating different cleavage to that         observed with prodrug-1.     -   c. Prodrug-2 is not cleaved by recombinant MMP-9, in contrast to         prodrug-1     -   d. These data support the MMP selective cleavage of prodrug-2 -   g) Prodrug-2 was administered in vivo via the intraperitoneal route     to mice bearing subcutaneous HT1080 tumour model (MT1-MMP positive).     Plasma, tissues and tumours were collected at regular intervals     post-dosing. Levels of prodrug-2 and VDA2 were assessed by LC/MS/MS.     -   a. Prodrug-2 accumulated and was detected in all tissues         analysed (FIG. 5).     -   b. Highest prodrug-2 levels were observed in the tumour (FIG.         5).     -   c. Liver was representative of all normal tissues analysed.         (FIG. 5)     -   d. VDA2 was undetectable in plasma following administration of         prodrug-2 (FIG. 6)     -   e. High concentrations of VDA2 were detected in tumour following         prodrug-2 administration (FIG. 6)     -   f. Levels of VDA2 in tumour were 10 times higher than that         detected in normal tissues following administration of prodrug-2         (FIG. 6)     -   g. High levels of prodrug-2 and VDA2 were still detectable in         tumour 48 hours post administration. -   3. Synthesised conjugates (based on MT-MMP prodrug) which have     proved unsuccessful. Prodrugs including the following endcaps were     insufficiently stable in plasma and/or liver     -   (1) 3 x D-Serine     -   (2) quinic acid+2 x D-Serine

EXAMPLE 2 Dose Response Antitumour Study Materials and Methods Synthesis of ICT-2588—see Example 1

Synthesis of ICT-2552: Ammonia solution (35%, 15 mL) was added to colchicine (750 mg, 1.88 mmol, 1.00 eq) and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature overnight. The crude product was washed with KHSO4 (1M, aq), dried with MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. It was subsequently purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (gradient elution: CHC12/methanol 95:5 to 10:1) to give ICT-2552 as a yellow solid (427 mg,

1.11 mmol, 59%). δH (600 MHz, CDC13), 7.99 (1H, broad s, NH), 7.56 (1H, d, J 2.1, C8-H), 7.32 (1H, d, J 10.7, 011-H), 6.88 (1H, d, J 11.0, C10-H), 6.52 (1H, s, C4-H), 6.03 (2H, broad s, NH₂), 4.68 (1H, ddd, J 12.6, 6.5 and 6.5, C7-H), 3.93 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.88 (3H, s, 00H3), 3.60 (3H, s, OCH3), 2.47 (1H, dd, J 13.4 and 6.2, C5-CH₂), 2.35 (1H, ddd, J 13.4, 12.7 and 6.9, C5-CH2), 2.29-2.23 (1H, m, C6-CH2), 1.98 (3H, s, CH3), 1.90-1.88 (1H, m, C6-CH2); ES m/z (%) 385 [M+1-1]+ (100).

ICT-2552 and ICT-2588 (‘prodrug’) were administered as a single dose via the intraperitoneal route to Balb/C mice bearing subcutaneous HT1080 xenografts. Each of the nine dosing groups comprised 8 mice. The anti-tumour effects of the compounds were assessed by determination of tumour volume and the existence of off-target toxicity was ascertained via monitoring mouse body weight.

The dosing groups evaluated ICT-2588 (prodrug) relative to the molar equivalent dose of ICT-2552 (warhead), and were:

-   -   10% DMSO/oil (solvent control)     -   ICT-2588 at 37.5 mg/kg; 50.0 mg/kg; 62.5 mg/kg; 75.0 mg/kg     -   ICT-2552 at 7.5 mg/kg; 10.0 mg/kg; 12.5 mg/kg; 15 mg/kg

Results

No significant loss in body weight was observed throughout the study (FIG. 7)

The weight of all mice was within the tolerated loss of 15% of bodyweight, therefore the compounds are not classified as toxic to the whole body system.

EXAMPLE 3 Tumour Response Study Results

The results of the study are shown in FIGS. 8 to 10 and in the following Tables. Tumour responses were observed at all tested dose levels of ICT-2522 and ICT-2588.

TABLE 1 Antitumour efficacy of compounds relative to untreated control group Mean Median Maximum Dose time to time Growth % weight Com- (mg/ RTV2 RTV2 delay Signifi- loss pound kg) (days) (days) (days) cance^(a) (day)^(b) Control — 2.3 2.2 — — 5 (6) ICT-2588 37.5 4.4 4.2 2.0 p < 0.01 3 (3) ICT-2588 50.0 5.5 6.0 3.8 p < 0.01 5 (3) ICT-2588 62.5^(c) 7.7 7.8 5.6 p < 0.01 4 (3) ICT-2588 75.0 6.8 6.6 4.4 p < 0.01 5 (3) ICT-2552 7.5 4.0 3.8 1.6 p < 0.01 3 (4) ICT-2552 10.0 4.4 4.2 2.0 p < 0.01 6 (6) ICT-2552 12.5 4.5 4.7 2.5 p < 0.01 6 (1) ICT-2552 15.0 4.1 4.1 1.9 p < 0.01 5 (1) ^(a)Statistics worked out based on the time it takes the tumour to double in size from day 0. ^(b)Maximum weight loss well within the accepted levels of 15%. ^(c)One animal showed complete tumour remission (final measurement day 21) A significant delay in tumour growth was observed at all evaluated doses of ICT-2552 (warhead) and ICT-2588 (prodrug). A relationship between dose of compound and degree of tumour growth delay was observed with both compounds. The effects being greater with ICT-2588 (prodrug) One animal demonstrated complete tumour remission with ICT-2588 at a dose of 62.5 mg/kg

TABLE 2 Comparison of antitumour efficacy between dose of ICT-2588 (prodrug) and ICT-2552 (warhead) administered at the molar equivalent dose Growth Growth Significance of Dose of Dose of delay with delay with differential between ICT-2588 ICT-2552 prodrug warhead equimolar doses of (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (Days) (Days) ICT-2588 and ICT-2552^(a) 37.5  7.5 2.0 1.6 p > 0.05 50.0 10.0 3.8 2.0 p < 0.05  62.5^(c) 12.5 5.6 2.5 p < 0.05 75.0 15.0 4.4 1.9 p < 0.01 ^(a)Statistics worked out based on the time it takes the tumour to double in size from day 0. ^(c)One animal showed complete tumour remission (final measurement day 21) ICT-2588 (prodrug) induced a significantly greater antitumour response than ICT-2522 (warhead) when administered at equimolar doses

EXAMPLE 4 Modifications to ICT-2588

-   i) Improvement of prodrug solubility through introduction of     phosphorylated amino acid side chains

To increase prodrug solubility, phosphorylated amino acid side are introduced chains into the peptide sequence of ICT-2588 (hydrolysable by plasma phosphatases). Phosphate-derivatised amino acids are commercially available, as benzyl-protected moieties, and are incorporated into peptides using our synthetic methodology. We are synthesising and evaluating phosphorylation modification of two sites within the peptide sequence; P2′ (Tyr), P3 (Ser), and both P2′ and P3 (see FIG. 11). In addition, we are addressing the effect of phosphorylation of P2′ (Tyr) upon prodrug activation by MT-MMPs (cleave at P1-P1′) and MMP-2 (cleave at P1′-P2′) to address the potential for further increasing MMP selectivity.

-   ii) Improvement of solubility via modification of prodrug endcapping     group

We are exploring the replacement of the fluorescein group with a more hydrophillic group (see FIG. 11) as alternative prodrugs with improved solubility. Our objective is to improve prodrug solubility whilst retaining MT-MMP selectivity, tumour selective activation and antitumour activity. Prodrugs incorporating these alternative endcaps to ICT2588 are being assessed in terms of compound solubility relative to parent prodrug in vitro, prodrug stability and activation in the HT1080 tumour model, mouse plasma and liver homogenate ex vivo, and retention and potential improvement of MT-MMP selectivity.

-   iii) Modification of P2′ site within prodrug

The effects of modification of the P2′ site (Tyr) of the prodrug with reference to tissue stability, tumour cleavage and MMP activation ex vivo are being assessed. The focus is on the P2′ site of the prodrug as we have demonstrated cleavage by other non-MT-MMPs at both the P1′-P2′ and P2′-P3′ sites. We are using prodrug variants incorporating the main types of amino acid side chain (Ala, Asp, Asn, Leu, Ser, Pro).

-   iv) Development of dual-headed prodrug incorporating doxorubicin

Following treatment with ICT2588 a thin viable rim of tumour cells was observed at the tumour periphery. Current understanding of tumour vascularisation indicates that the viable rim is maintained by the vasculature of the immediately surrounding normal tissues. A consequence of this is that administration of a VDA-releasing prodrug in combination with standard chemotherapy should increase further the antitumour effect observed. We are developing a dual-headed prodrug containing our azademethylcolchicine warhead (ICT2552) and a doxorubicin warhead (replacing the endcap) (see below). We are evaluating this dual-headed prodrug in terms of prodrug stability and activation in the HT1080 tumour model, mouse plasma and liver homogenate ex vivo.

Derivatisation at the amine is required since attachment to the peptide will be through the N-terminus, Current strategy is to acylate with succinic anhydride, yielding a succinate derivative bearing a free carboxylic acid which can be linked to the peptide via an amide bond. Alternative strategy to be evaluated is to use the side chain of aspartic acid with alkyl/aryl blocking group R.

Liver Tumour P2′ AA t1/2 (min) t1/2 (min) ICT2588 Ty 149 33 ICT3055 Asp 67 7 ICT3053 Al 76 17 ICT3054 Ser 66 9 ICT3078 Asn 76 11 ICT3097 Pro 110 24 ICT3080 Leu 134 48 Table 3 is a summary of stability data for a series of molecules with changes in the P2′ position. Half lives are the mean taken from four independent experiments. Liver represent murine liver homogenate and tumour represents HT1080 

What is claimed:
 1. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising a compound X which promotes the formation of stable microtubules in a manner similar to paclitaxel associated with a peptide Y comprising a matrix metalloproteinase cleavage site comprising the amino acid sequence -Arg-Ser-Cit-Gly-Hof-P2′-Leu- wherein P2′ is an amino acid.
 2. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to claim 1, wherein P2′ is selected from the group consisting of Asp, Ala, Ser, Asn, Pro, Leu, Arg and Thr.
 3. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the compound X is a taxane.
 4. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the compound X is paclitaxel.
 5. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the compound X which promotes the formation of stable microtubules in a manner similar to paclitaxel is linked directly or indirectly to the peptide.
 6. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the MMP proteolytic cleavage site is a MMP-14 proteolytic cleavage site.
 7. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, further comprising a linker a directly or indirectly associated with X.
 8. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 7, wherein the linker a is on the C terminus of the amino acid sequence Y.
 9. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 7, wherein the linker a may be removed chemically, enzymatically or decompose spontaneously.
 10. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, further comprising a capping group c to prevent non-specific degradation of the peptide.
 11. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 10, wherein the capping group c is on the N terminus of the peptide.
 12. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 10, wherein the capping group c is selected from simple sugars, D-amino acids, proline imino acids, fluorescein, or fluorescein derivatives and preferably fluorescein isothiocycante (FITC).
 13. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, further comprising a spacer b directly or indirectly associated with the peptide Y.
 14. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 13, wherein the spacer b is on the N terminus of the peptide Y.
 15. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 13, wherein the spacer is selected from a single amino acid and preferably β-alanine, an amino acid sequence or a succinyl group.
 16. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to preceding claim 1, wherein the compound has formula (VI): X-a-Y-b-c   (VI) and each of X, a, Y, b and c are as defined above.
 17. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising paclitaxel conjugated via a linker to a peptide comprising a MMP proteolytic cleavage site and comprising the amino acid sequence -Arg-Ser-Cit-Gly-Hof-P2′-Leu-, wherein P2′ is an amino acid.
 18. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 17, wherein P2′ is selected from the group consisting of Asp, Ala, Ser, Asn, Pro, Leu, Arg and Thr.
 19. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.
 20. A pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 19, further comprising another anticancer agent.
 21. A method of treating cancer, the method comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1 to a subject in need thereof.
 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the cancer is prostate cancer.
 23. A method of treating cancer, the method comprising administering a pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 19 to a subject in need thereof.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the cancer is prostate cancer. 